How to Use Examples of Research Papers to Help Your Resume Stand Out

<h1>How to Use Examples of Research Papers to Help Your Resume Stand Out</h1><p>Your continue is the primary thing that businesses see when they start their quest for another worker. With regards to your resume, in the event that you utilize the case of research papers, you will have the option to demonstrate your abilities as a specialist when the business investigates your resume. There are a few advantages to utilizing this strategy.</p><p></p><p>With your resume, your manager is going to see that you know your topic quite well. This is one of the most significant piece of the request for employment. In addition to the fact that you need to comprehend what is being asked of you, yet in addition what you can add to the venture. By placing in instances of research papers you will have the option to show the business that you are keen on the project.</p><p></p><p>Most inquire about papers utilize content that is uninte resting or ineffectively composed. By picking a case of research papers, you can show the business that you realize how to expound on the point. Having this information will make your resume stand apart from the others and will dazzle your employer.</p><p></p><p>Although instances of research papers can assist with addressing the above inquiries, it isn't generally the best arrangement. You will need to ensure that your case of research papers causes you to show your aptitudes in zones that are essential to you. One of the primary reasons that a few people neglect to show their abilities is on the grounds that they don't use their aptitudes. By indicating the business that you know your topic, you will have the option to give them how you are a specialist in your area.</p><p></p><p>It is conceivable that you should roll out an improvement to the instances of research papers to show you are a specialist in your general vicinity. Nonethe less, you don't need to change the paper totally to exhibit this. Rather, change the title to something like, 'Give me what you know about....' which shows that you are an educated in your subject.</p><p></p><p>Employment, not only a vocation, is a long lasting responsibility. When you are recruited into an organization, you are going to need to fabricate your profession. The exact opposite thing that you need to do is to begin with a terrible notoriety. Thusly, you need to have the option to show your boss that you are a specialist in your field.</p><p></p><p>A firm with a focused on gathering of representatives will be the perfect spot to assemble your profession. By featuring your aptitudes, you are going to make your resume stand apart from different resumes that you are rivaling. By having instances of research papers, you will have the option to show that you know your topic very well.</p>

How to Win An Essay Contest

<h1>How to Win An Essay Contest</h1><p>Writing a paper on bank-related points is certifiably not a straightforward undertaking. The subject and style of composing can run from silly to genuine contingent upon the target group. In any case, nowadays it is very simple to compose an article on such points that the test is to make the subject exceptionally applicable and stay away from it being only for fun.</p><p></p><p>On the other hand, every one of those school placement tests, particularly the selection tests for MBA courses are taking more consideration in offering exposition prizes. In all likelihood, even the school itself will offer article prizes. All in all, what's the inquiry is how to win? This article examines the various manners by which you can win a prize exposition contest.</p><p></p><p>Before whatever else, you should realize how to present your paper. This implies you must have a PC and a web associatio n. On the off chance that you don't have one of these, you can get one of these modest rental PCs that can be found in pretty much every book shop. After you've had it, it's an ideal opportunity to go online to discover the absolute best exposition composing sites that will furnish your article with its ideal title, point and style.</p><p></p><p>After you've picked your paper composing site, it's an ideal opportunity to get ready for composing your article. You can begin composing on your paper promptly and afterward submit it for assessment. You should set up your article ahead of time with the goal that you can generally realize what is required in your paper. For this, ensure you will have something recorded before you submit it.</p><p></p><p>Once you have just sent your exposition to the site that is giving you paper prizes, they will furnish you with an assessment on your article. The assessments are typically not extremely hard t o comprehend. You simply need to check the container set apart with your answer and the positive/negative score. You should likewise compose the subject of your paper. These are really the most significant things for winning the paper prizes.</p><p></p><p>Once your article is prepared, it's an ideal opportunity to submit it. You can either send it by means of email or via mail to the individual who is the appointed authority of the exposition prizes. In either case, ensure that you utilize a dependable method for sending it with the goal that it will arrive at the picked one.</p><p></p><p>Now comes the real making a decision about procedure in exposition composing. After you've presented your article, the paper composing judges will understand it and give their remarks. They for the most part give out an evaluation going from A to F, which is normally reliant on the theme, style, and rightness of the essay.</p><p></p> <p>The key here is to be solid and steady ahead of time so you can comprehend the subject and the style of the article. Also, in conclusion, be sure. On the off chance that you think of something genuinely unique and give a persuading contention, there is no uncertainty that you will be heading off to the highest point of the pile.</p>

Uneasy vs. Uneased

Uncomfortable versus Uneased Uncomfortable versus Uneased Uncomfortable versus Uneased By Maeve Maddox I read the accompanying citation in a news record of a neighborhood city committee meeting: Im uneased by the way that we have land in the city [that isn't zoned]. Most likely, the councilman intended to state that he was uncomfortable with the reality! On the double I started a Web search and found that this abnormal utilization of uneased isn't so far-in the millions, however its out there in the thousands: I am uneased by statures, however I love zip-lining for reasons unknown. I am by and by uneased by letting my child stroll to the front entryway without anyone else. They were uneased by your appearance and took a couple of days before becoming acclimated to seeing you about town. Its not in every case clear what uneased in the articulation uneased by is planned to pass on. Here and there, as in the councilmans citation, it is by all accounts utilized where uncomfortable would be informal, however some of the time it appears to mean awkward, in torment, or startled. In the accompanying passage on an expert clinical site, any of the four could be proposed: A mammogram ought to never be excruciating. This basic origination is the explanation numerous ladies put off planning their yearly mammograms. In the event that you ever are uneased, illuminate your mammography technologist with the goal that they may mitigate your uneasiness. Note: This illustrative citation contains other composing blunders, yet for the present, let’s simply consider uneased. The word simplicity can be either a thing or an action word. For instance: Miss Hannigan wanted an existence of simplicity. (thing) We respect help laborers who facilitate the enduring of outcasts. (action word) The action word (ease, facilitated, has facilitated) has gained various implications since its soonest OED reference: to offer straightforwardness to (1340) to soothe or help a weight (1374) to give simplicity of psyche (1385) to soothe the insides (1440) to unwind (1863) to make to fit (1891) to break in delicately (1892) The accompanying models (all in past tense) represent these implications: Joplin home facilitated vagrants predicament Following exhortation he had gotten from Pollard, Woolf had backed off on Seabiscuit, permitting his pony to see his adversary, at that point requested more effort.â The home loan showcase improved last quarter as request expanded and numerous banks facilitated their loaning measures for the most financially sound borrowers, Highly contrasting Ointment quicklyâ easedâ the tingling, consume and sting. The An E emergency hitting clinics everywhere throughout the nation could be facilitated if the desk work trouble was facilitated on family specialists. Defra hasâ easedâ restrictions on the development of creatures in England. The man slipped the harmed foot into a shoe. The craftsman planed and facilitated the hauling entryway. The new senator facilitated the wretchedness of the individuals by bringing down assessments. Admitting to the untruth facilitated his inner voice. Far expelled from the accommodations of indoor pipes, the individuals facilitated themselves in the brambles. An inner voice or an agony may go uneased, yet in standard use, individuals are uncomfortable with things that trouble them. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?26 Feel-Good Words8 Great Podcasts for Writers and Book Authors

Speech on Marijuana Legalization free essay sample

A notable issue, at the present time, in the USA is that of the sanctioning of weed. This questionable point is on the brains of our whole nation. Regardless of whether to authorize cannabis has been an across the nation banter for quite a long time. In this educational discourse I will talk about just realities and assessments. Sentiments and realities will originate from associations, for example, The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, Marijuana Legalization Organization and the Drug Policy Alliance. Pot Legalization is an issue on the grounds that there are such huge numbers of people utilizing the substance wrongfully. These people feel that Marijuana is certifiably not a hurtful substance and can serve to benefit expresses that sanction it. The greatest worry on everyone’s mind is that of wellbeing dangers. A great many people feel that it is to the greatest advantage of the country for pot to stay unlawful. Maryjane Legalization Organization expresses that that isn't totally obvious. â€Å"Health contemplations give contentions to keep away from unnecessary utilization of weed, at the end of the day every individual ought to be permitted the individual flexibility to choose whether or not to utilize cannabis. (MLO) In their conclusion, similarly as with anything taken in abundance, weed is just destructive to the individuals who decide to utilize it. The model utilized in MLO is that of an abundance measure of unfortunate nourishment. â€Å"[N]umerous contemplates have demonstrated that nourishments with a great deal of cholesterol and fat are undesirable. Would it be a good idea for us to ban bacon? †(MLO) The idea is that rather we have to teach people and let individuals settle on their own choices as we do with things like greasy nourishments, cigarettes and Alcohol. â€Å"A ongoing review of research found that drawn out weed use didn't significantly affect psychological capacities. The report was distributed in the July 2003 Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. † This is additionally expressed in the rundown of realities about weed on the Drug Policy Alliance Website. They express that, not exclusively are there no drawn out intellectual debilitation yet, â€Å"[m]arijuana has been demonstrated useful for treating the side effects of an assortment of ailments. † Medical weed has demonstrated to be of noteworthy help for disease, glaucoma, and helps patients just as people that experience the ill effects of neurological issue. While there are the clinical reliefs from the utilization of Medical pot, however DPA likewise expresses that the substance has not demonstrated reason for psychological sickness or to build hazard to malignant growth. The following case is that Marijuana is an entryway medicate. Webster characterizes an entryway medication to be â€Å"a tranquilize (as liquor or cannabis) whose utilization is thought to prompt the utilization of and reliance on a harder medication (as cocaine or heroin)†( http://www. merriam-webster. com/) â€Å"Some individuals guarantee that utilizing maryjane will make you need to utilize different medications, similar to heroin, cocaine, LSD, amphetamines, and bliss. They contend that maryjane goes about as a venturing stone, or a door, that leads individuals to harder medications. They bolster their contention with insights that show that the vast majority who utilize hard medications have attempted cannabis previously. † (MLO) â€Å"There is no definitive proof that the impacts of pot are causally connected to the ensuing utilization of other unlawful medications. Primer creature contemplates asserting that cannabis made preparations for other medication taking conduct have not been imitated, nor are they upheld by epidemiological human information. Measurably, for each 104 Americans who have attempted maryjane, there is just a single ordinary client of cocaine, and short of what one client of heroin. Weed is unmistakably an end instead of a portal for the dominant part of cannabis smokers. † (norml) MLO states â€Å"In pith, the connection among maryjane and other illicit medications originates from the way that they are unlawful. Since they are unlawful, pot and different medications are just accessible on the bootleg market, and any individual who enters the medication showcase is probably going to be presented to more than one medication. The arrangement is basic: by sanctioning and controlling pot deals, we will dispose of the association with hard medications. † (MLO) They use Holland for instance. â€Å"In Holland, where government officials chose more than 25 years back to isolate maryjane from the illegal medication showcase by allowing cafés everywhere throughout the nation to offer modest quantities of pot to grown-ups, people use weed and different medications at rates not exactly 50% of their American partners. † (norml. rg) The contention is that, if pot were not illicit it would not be an issue. The DPA site expresses that most of the people that utilization cannabis never at any point utilize some other illegal medications. This announcement discredits that normal misguided judgment about maryjane being an entryway tranquilize. At long last my sources contend that keeping weed unlawful it is costing more than would normally be appropriate. MLO claims that â€Å"Cost of keeping cannabis illic it = cost of dynamic law requirement + cost of indictment (and resistance! of blamed guilty parties + cost for imprisonment of sentenced wrongdoers + a huge number of dollars in charge income that would be created if drugs were lawful and burdened + cost of child care and social administrations for offspring of detained guilty parties. † â€Å"Washington state would spare about $105 million every year if weed were legitimately managed, as indicated by University of Washington Economics teacher Dick Startz. † â€Å"The US Federal Government Spends More Than $12 Billion Per Year on Drug Control Programs. Government sedate control spending plans don't separate spending by medicate, so we there is definitely not an exact figure accessible for the sum that is spent on weed alone. Likewise, these figures do exclude any spending by state or neighborhood governments, which are probably going to be significant since state police, courts, and detainment facilities are continually bustling managing maryjane offenses. † They likewise express that â€Å"US Marijuana Crop Estimated to Be Worth Over $35 Billion. Another factual investigation shows that weed is Americas most significant money crop. On the off chance that these figures are even near reality, an intelligent framework to manage and burden cannabis would deliver billions of dollars in income consistently. † According to DPA, the battle that the United States is having against drugs in everything is costing $51,000,000,000. They likewise expressed that if California would benefit every year an expected $1,400,000,000 if cannabis were burdened and managed. There are just two significant answers for this issue; to Legalize or not to sanction that is the issue. Authorization could remain to acquire the US financial development yet it could likewise prompt much more individuals utilizing or mishandling the substance. Keeping it unlawful could have the administration going through cash that they don’t fundamentally need to spend to control the utilization of this substance or this could be certain a by shielding people from manhandling it. The truth will surface eventually! Does anybody have any inquiries?

Entrepreneurship for Values & Responsibility- Brief Description Here

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship for Values and Responsibility. Answer: Introduction Apart from entrepreneurship and Islam, the article looks into cultural, socio-political aspects affecting Islam and conduct business. In the Middle East, Islam as a religion is seemingly a kick start in the development of commerce although it is at times perceived as a barrier in financial institutions progress due to its stringent rules on money lending and other transactions. This paper will establish the connection Islam culture as influenced by the Islam pillars as well as acceptable entrepreneurial values as per Islams guiding principles. The pillars of Islam form basis of obligations of Muslims in business arena as well as the normal life as the pillars define to Muslims how and how not carry themselves in terms of business to the extent that they form part of their spiritual obligation to Allah. While examining this, the influence of Islam in shaping the diverse market apart from the majorly known-for market as well the developing features of Middle East business (Gasparski, R yan Kwiatkowski, 2010). Pillars Guiding Islam Islam is anchored on five pillars that dictate the conduct and manner of carrying out activities as a believer. The pillars are based on purpose they are meant to achieve as per the intended function of a particular function. The religion just like other religion attempts to regulates actions towards Allah and fellow humans. Islam pillars ether fall in the category of permissible, not-permissible, despised commanded, recommended and forbidden. Below is a discussion of each one of the pillars and the intended purpose they acquire as prescribed in Islam ( Kayed Hassan, 2011). This is related to the conduct of the faithful during the Holy month of Ramadhan. Adherence to the dictates of fasting falls under the commanded category while failure to abstain from sex, alcohol and other luxuries falls under the category of forbidden. The conduct of Muslim especially during the Holy month of Ramadhan greatly affects business due to the limited and regulated consumption and trading activities taking place. For example, Muslim faithful is prohibited from taking pork meat as that fall under the forbidden category which in turn falls under the despised category. Flowing from that premise alone, the culture to that extent affects development of entrepreneurship especially in selling pork meat in the Middle East In (Landes, Mokyr Baumol, 2010) This pillar comes in to regulate the conduct of the faithful when it comes worship and prayers. The creed dictates that only God is to worshipped and no other which goes hand in hand with observance of the Holy day of worshipping. It also relates to monotheism in that the faithful should only recognize Allah and Prophet Muhammad as Allahs prophet. Any deviation from the creed falls under the commanded as the creed flows from Allahs commandments. The creed thus influences and limits what a faithful should prioritize in terms of entrepreneurship and observance of the creed. This pillar encourages the faithful in helping the disadvantaged members of the society through giving especially the needy. The pillar also encourages social security welfare in Islam security which has been there in the Middle East which in turn has since developed into charitable foundations. Charitable acts fall under the permissible and recommended category and goes hand in hand with affecting the interaction of businesses with the society. Prayers and pilgrimage This touches on the number of prayer times a faithful should subscribe to daily as well as the types of prayers on should do. Praying five times a day is commanded under Islam while exceeding the prayer times is encouraged and falls under recommended category. Saying a Dua or Salat is generally commanded to a Muslim where one is a personal prayer by a faithful to Allah and a prayer for special times, for example, ritual prayers, respectively. Related to ritual prayers is paying is the recommended visit of a Muslim faithful at least in lifetime to the Holy city of Mecca and Medina (Hassan Lewis, 2007). The Islam a culture accepts and commends legitimate effort for one to make money in terms of profit, especially in business. In the same breadth, Islam culture loathes illegitimate ways of making money and that makes such acts as prohibited under the pillars. From the foregoing, a business activity that develops from fraudulent means are not accepted before the eyes of the minimum acceptable forms of conducts of Muslims. Conversely, Islam focuses on collective operations of business as opposed to an individualistic form of business although it encourages a free market (Chamlou World Bank,2008). The research Methodology The author employs a desktop review of secondary resources available. From a comparative analysis of research and findings, the author discovers that the Middle East has greatly pressed of Family owned businesses especially in oil business. It is the authors finding that the market should be diversified to allow and encourage other forms of business apart from oil industry to excel. A point of concern also is the notion of business ownership and control in the Middle East that majorly anchored on Islam culture of collective ownership. The author has also used case study research in drawing a comparative study in the perspectives of gender emancipation as well as historical research in tracking the development in terms of socioeconomic and political changes in the Middle East(Hassan Lewis, 2007). Need for Female Gender Emancipation Historically, women in the Middle East had limited roles in socioeconomic and political participation. Although, in almost all countries, women have been allowed the right to vote and be voted in fir elective positions, participation of women in economic activities remains greatly limited. This is due to poor awareness against discrimination against women as well uncoordinated or lack of women empowerment programs. Due to the limited space in economic arena, women are only able to access and control small business enterprises which negligibly contribute to their economic wellbeing. Some Islamic culture dictating that women should put on hijabs and should not drive cars are not mandated under Q'uran but has come into being as a result of social arrangement of culture of Muslims. Diversification of Market In Saudi Arabia, for instance has not invested in health care services but has concentrated on oil market which has resulted to unaffordability of support services such as health due to unavailability. The market terrain in the Middle East should be enabled by both the government by injecting funds in infrastructural development such as health so as to ease the cost of treatment of chronic disease. For example, in Saudi Arabia, the people face high cost of treatment due to the high prices charged at the private hospital which are very few. Diversification of entrepreneurial skills and opportunity would change the face in the accessibility of social services such as health and schools. The government should put in place incentives to attract investors in others forms of trading other than oil which are family-owned businesses ( Kayed Hassan, 2011). Conclusion Entrepreneurship in the Middle East is highly influenced by the Islam culture which verifies from traditionalist, modernists and Muslim liberals. Traditionalists believe the Islam culture on business should be followed to the letter while the modernist deviates where there is reasonable cause to do so. The liberals are on the extreme end who are willing to do anything, including disobeying the pillars and culture to make money. It is the authors conclusion that the dissenting voices in the market be unified to allow for a conducive environment of entrepreneurship in the Middle East. Also, the idea of family-owned business based on collective ownership and control tend to unhealthy for businesses at times in terms of expansion and growth. This is due to narrow opportunities associated with family-owned businesses and wide challenges associated to such arrangements. Due to the peculiarity of these businesses, the respective governments and academia as well as the media should extensive ly involve the business classes in policy and planning. It is the considered conclusion that participation of women in socioeconomic and political development in the Middle East has not been maximized for lack of empowerment and proper and appropriate policies to encourage women participation. The individual governments should put in place mechanisms and programs directed towards achievement of maximum participation of women in every arena devoid of any discrimination. Reference List: Chamlou, N., World Bank. (2008). The environment for women's entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Gasparski, W., Ryan, L. V., Kwiatkowski, S. M. (2010). Entrepreneurship: Values and responsibility. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Hassan, K., Lewis, M. (2007). Handbook of Islamic banking. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Kayed, R. N., Hassan, K. (2011). Islamic entrepreneurship. In Landes, D. S., In Mokyr, J., In Baumol, W. J. (2010). The invention of enterprise: Entrepreneurship from ancient Mesopotamia to modern times. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. Ramadani, V., Dana, L.-P., Ge?rguri-Rashiti, S., Ratten, V., Springer International Publishing AG. (2017). Entrepreneurship and management in an Islamic context. Cham: Springer.

Financial Crisis and Fair Value Accounting

Question: Describe about the Financial Crisis and Fair Value Accounting? Answer: Introduction In 2007-2008 the global economic downturn has emphasized on the role of financial accounting in leading to the financial crisis across the world. Several economist and financial analysis have scrutinized the global financial crisis and expressed significant concern regarding the financial standard, especially the Fair Value Accounting (FVA) which is used as a reporting instrument for the financial organizations. Various studies have demonstrated that Fair Value Accounting is one of the major triggering factors for the global financial crisis. On the other hand, some paper has significantly defended fair value accounting system through highlighting its advantages. Following fair value approach in preparation of financial statements has been a long debated topic in the past few years (Badertscher, Burks and Easton, 2012). Though fair value accounting has several merits, it has been subject to severe criticism in the post global financial crisis era. Several financial institutions have alleged that fair value accounting has played a significant role in leading to the credit crunch. This paper will focus on analyzing the influence of fair value accounting on the global financial crisis through reviewing wide range of literature. Additionally, this paper will also illustrate the advantages as well as disadvantages of the fair value accounting practice. Debate regarding the Role of FVA in Financial Crisis In context of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 and credit crunch, a significant debate on the strengths and disadvantages of the fair value accounting was arisen. The international economy was affected by the severe crisis which was amplified by the significant down fall of the financial markets of the developed countries. In 2007, financial shock was propagated due to the bankruptcy of the mortgage market as the subprime mortgage market of United States was collapsed severely. Prior to the financial crisis, banks had built up huge holdings of the subprime securities as well as mortgages. The financial analysts have concluded that those securities was overestimated as the banks along with the rating organizations have significantly undervalued the level of defaults associated with these securities and mortgages. Additionally, it was observed that the financial institutions had piled up significant exposure to the risky credit and subprime instruments. In 2007- 2008, the prices of th e securities associated to the mortgages gone down significantly. Therefore, the financial institution had to decline their value of assets linked to the subprime mortgages (Barth and Landsman, 2010). During the economic downturn, the value of the financial instruments declined and the firms were forced to sell the securities which made the market more risky and illiquid. Consequently, the financial instruments which were valued at fair value were sold below the fundamental or theoretical value for meeting the requirements of the capital market which led to further drop in the market prices. At this point of time bank had to sell the assets for maintain the required solvency ratio. The financial statements prepared by following the fair value accounting had led to significant uncertainty for the investors and their confidence had declined resulted in further price fall and financial instability. It has been identified that real estate bubble is the major reason behind financial crisis (Benston, 2008). Apart from this, it has been argued that emergence of fair value accounting has led to the financial crisis. The major challenge is to analyze whether introduction of fair value acco unting has significant correlation with the financial crisis or it just coincided with the global financial crisis. According to Laux and Leuz (2010), fair value is one of the major factors for the international economic contraction during 2007 -2008. Additionally, Barth and Landsman (2010) had also expressed the similar idea by accusing fair value accounting as one of key factors for the credit crunch. Some economists and financial analysts have stated that fair value accounting had significantly intensified the negative impact of the financial crisis as it has excessively contributed in leveraging during the boom period. Various studies have partly blamed the adoption of fair value accounting for the credit crisis in US which transformed into the global financial crisis. According to Foster and Shastri (2010), fair value accounting system was adopted by the financial institutions for measuring the assets and liabilities at fair value which has greater relevance in the decision making as reporting of the historical cost may seem irrelevant in most of the time. It has been found that the level of transparency was enhanced by adoption of the fair value accounting (Krumwiede, 2008). However, fair value accounting had received significant criticism from the economists and financial experts. Various studies have depicted that evaluation of most of the assets and liabilities at the fair value when the market was highly volatile led to erroneous valuation. This estimation was used for reporting in the financial statements which was not reliable for the investors. According to Dietrich et al. (2001), fair value has significantly improved the transparency and increased the relevance of the financial statements but it has failed to meet the requirements of reliability criteria. Fair value accounting has declined the level of consistency through distorting the view of the investors regarding the stability and financial performance (Bischof, Daske and Sextroh, 2014). According to Penman (2007), fair value accounting system was accused for integrating the price bubble of the real estate market into the financial statement which influenced the financial institutions for responding to the changes in the market in an abnormal manner. Consequently, fair value accounting significantly contributed in worsening the financial crisis of 2007 2008 (Foster and Shastri, 2010). This is the major reason behind the debated role of fair value accounting in the international financial crisis which was transmitted across the world. According to Trussel and Rose (2009), it will not be possible to deny the fact that fair value accounting practice had led to some issues in the complicated market context. As fair value accounting significantly focused on assigning high level of relevance to the financial information presented in the financial statements of the firms which has assisted in amplification of the economic cycle which contributed to additional volatility of the financial report. Critics have argued that when fair value accounting is applied in case of the illiquid securities, it fails as fair value focuses on both bust and boom which magnified the value of the balance sheets of the banks at the top of cycle (Goncharov and van Triest, 2011). On the other hand, declines those by the same estimate at the bottom. The pro-cyclicality criticism of fair value accounting during the global financial crisis had received highest attention. According to the fair value accounting standard, the entities are allowed to estimate specific liability as well as asset at the fair value at the date of reporting. The changes in the fair value are recognized in terms of loss or gain in the income statement. IASB and FASB have already defined fair value as the amount at which the asset can be exchanged or the liability can be settled. Hence, fair value allows ascertaining the value which can be obtained from the open market transaction. Consequently, market prices have been used instead of historical cost for determining the fair value. Though the accounting professionals have recognized the relevance of the fair value accounting, it has been argued that fair value estimation had played significant role in accelerating the financial. Especially, the banking sector was highly affected by the fair value estimation . The financial institutions have told that during the financial downturn, fair value accounting had forced the companies to recognize the losses which led to the sale of assets. Consequently, the economic position was further degraded. According to the President of the American Bankers Association, there are various factors which triggered the financial crisis and the fair value accounting is responsible for exacerbating the issues during the downturn (American Bankers Association, 2009). Additionally, it as has been argued that the fare value accounting for the financial instruments in the banks have led to extensive credit expansion. FVA has contributed in the excessive leverage in the boom market as well as write down of the asset was overestimated at the time of bust. According to Wallison (2008), fair value is the major factor for accelerating the financial turmoil due to the overestimation of the financial instruments which misguided the investors as well as forced the banks to sell their assets (Rashad Abdel-Khalik, 2010). On the other hand, some economists and the financial analysts have argued that fair value accounting has no direct association with the financial crisis. According to Barth and Landsman (2010), the perceived pro-cyclicality of fair value accounting is not responsible for enhancing the severity of the financial crisis of 2007 - 2008. It has been argued that it only holds in case of bank asset or in the case where fair value is applied at the time of determining impairment. It has been observed that most of the bank holding companies asset is not carried at the fair value in the financial statement (Paolucci and Menicucci, 2014). Additionally, when fair value accounting is applied, the model completely differs from the pure mark to the market accounting. According the studies undertaken by Shaffer (2010) and Laux and Leuz (2010), fair value accounting cannot be blamed for the global financial crisis. The studied shave demonstrated that the insignificant evidence is found for supporting the fact that fair value accounting forced the banks to write own their assets. On the other hand, International Monetary Fund (2008), has agreed on the fact that fair value accounting approach make the impacts of economic volatility on the balance sheet but it has been also found that under specific risk management framework, air value account has the potential to intensify the cyclical movements in the values of asset and liability. Apart from the concerns regarding the measurements difficulties, risk along with pro-cyclicality, FVA provides a measure which best reflects the present condition of a financial institution. Scrutinizing the literatures it can be found various studies have identified that fair value accounting played a significant role in amplifying the negative impact on the financial market at the time of economic downturn. Some researchers and economist have argued that fair value accounting has accelerated the financial crisis and significantly contributed in closing the ferocious circle of the asset fire sales. In contrast, some economists have argued that international financial crisis was led by the poor risk management practice and wrong credit grant decisions made by the financial institutions. Hence, the fair value accounting does not play a major role in enhancing the impact of financial crisis. During the economic downturn, fair value accounting has focused on reflecting the market condition in the balance sheet of the financial institution (Paolucci and Menicucci, 2014). From the wide range of literature, it can be found that the fair value accounting cannot be considered as the main reason behind the financial instability. Benefits of Fair Value Accounting Fair value accounting provides lot of advantages by considering the market value and enhancing the relevance of the information. Principle benefits of fair value accounting in relation to enhancing the quality of financial information are provided in this section: Accuracy and Transparency In fair value accounting, the financial information is presented considering the present market value instead of the historical cost. One of the major objectives of fair value accounting is to provide accurate information to the stakeholders (Okamoto, 2014). The internal control procedure of the organization must focus on reflecting actual market condition. Thus, adoption of fair value leads to estimation of the asset and liabilities in the current market and reporting those in the financial statement. Different valuation models are used for estimation of the asset and liabilities of the organization which ensures accurate and transparent information (Magnan, 2009). Enhanced Relevance It has been found that use of the present market value in reporting the assets and liabilities help in enhancing the relevance of the financial information presented in the balance sheet. In case of historical accounting the assets and liabilities are reported at the value of the acquiring date. Adoption of fair value accounting has enabled the organization to compare the assets and liabilities in different time period as those are valued at current price (Khurana and Kim, 2003). True Income Fair value accounting has limited the capability of the company in manipulating the net income presented in the financial statement. It has been observed that sometimes, the management purposely facilitate sale of assets to enhance or decline the net gain from the gain or loss from the sale proceeds. Drawbacks of Fair Value Accounting Though fair value accounting significantly contribute in enhancing the transparency and relevance of the financial information, it has some limitations. It has been observed that fair value accounting worsen the impact of economic downturn (Lilien, Sarath and Schrader, 2013). Analyzing wide range of literature some major disadvantages of fair value accounting has been identified and those will be discussed in this section. Value Reversal It has been observed that fair value accounting poses challenge to the organization as the market condition is reflected in the financial information. It has been observed that the market may become highly volatile and adoption of fair value accounting leads to reevaluation of the assets and liabilities in thee volatile condition. Consequently, significant swings in the value of the assets and liabilities are observed. However, in the stabilized market, the value of the assets and liabilities get back to the normal level. Thus, temporary loss and gain is reported which often mislead the investors (Kusano, n.d.). Market Effect Various studies have depicted that use of fair value accounting can significantly affect the market at the time of economic downturn. At the time of global financial crisis, the value of the assets were re-estimated and as it considered the current market condition, the value of the assets were estimated to be very low (Liao et al., 2013). Additionally, it is evident that the lower value of asset forced the organization to sell assets. This results further devaluation of assets and thus fair value accounting significantly contribute in worsening the impact of economic downturn (LaCalamito, 2013). Conclusion: This paper has provided an insight to the perspective of different economists and financial analysts regarding the role of fair value accounting practice in the global financial crisis 2007- 2008. It has been observed that various researcher have argued that fair value accounting reflected the economic downturn in the financial information which has devaluated the asset and forced the banks to sell assets so that the solvency requirement is met. Consequently it led to further financial instability across the world. Thus, fair value accounting has amplified the negative impact of financial crisis. On the other hand, some economists have argued that the global financial crisis was triggered by the poor risk management structure along with the wrong credit grant decision making. Hence, fair value accounting has no direct association with the global financial crisis. This paper has also discussed the major benefits of FVA such as improved accuracy, transparency and relevance. Moreover, f air value accounting does not allow the organization to manipulate the net income. In contrast, the drawbacks of the fair value accounting have been observed which destabilizes the market due to reflection of the market situation at the time of economic downturn. References American Bankers Association (2009). Fair Value and Mark to Market Accounting. Retrieved from:https://www.aba.com/Issues/Issues_FairValue.html Badertscher, B., Burks, J. and Easton, P. (2012). A Convenient Scapegoat: Fair Value Accounting by Commercial Banks during the Financial Crisis.The Accounting Review, 87(1), pp.59-90. Barth, M. and Landsman, W. (2010). How did Financial Reporting Contribute to the Financial Crisis?.European Accounting Review, 19(3), pp.399-423. Barth, M. E. Landsman, W. R. (2010). How did Financial Reporting Contribute to the Financial crisis?, European Accounting Review, 19(3), 399-423. doi: 10.1080/09638180.2010.498619 Benston, G. (2008). The shortcomings of fair-value accounting described in SFAS 157.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 27(2), pp.101-114. Bischof, J., Daske, H. and Sextroh, C. (2014). Fair Value-related Information in Analysts Decision Processes: Evidence from the Financial Crisis.Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 41(3-4), pp.363-400. Foster, P. B. Shastri, T. (2010). The subprime lending crisis and reliable reporting, Accounting Auditing, CPA Journal, 80(4), 22-25. Goncharov, I. and van Triest, S. (2011). Do fair value adjustments influence dividend policy?.Accounting and Business Research, 41(1), pp.51-68. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2008). Fair Value Accounting and Procyclicality, in International Monetary Fund (IMF), Global Financial Stability Report, Financial Stress and Deleveraging. Macro-Financial Implications and Policy, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC, 105-130. Khurana, I. and Kim, M. (2003). Relative value relevance of historical cost vs. fair value: Evidence from bank holding companies.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 22(1), pp.19-42. Krumwiede, T. (2008). The role of fair-value accounting in the credit-market crisis, International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 5(4), 313-331. Kusano, M. (n.d.). Fair Value Accounting and Procyclicality: Accounting for Securitization.SSRN Journal. LaCalamito, T. (2013). Fair value accounting's role in the recent financial crisis.International Journal of Economics and Accounting, 4(3), p.271. Laux, C. and Leuz, C. (2010). Did Fair-Value Accounting Contribute to the Financial Crisis?.Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(1), pp.93-118. Liao, L., Kang, H., Morris, R. and Tang, Q. (2013). Information asymmetry of fair value accounting during the financial crisis.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 9(2), pp.221-236. Lilien, S., Sarath, B. and Schrader, R. (2013). Normal Turbulence or Perfect Storm? Disparity in Fair Value Estimates.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 28(2), pp.192-211. Magnan, M. (2009). Fair Value Accounting and the Financial Crisis: Messenger or Contributor?.Accounting Perspectives, 8(3), pp.189-213. Okamoto, N. (2014). Fair value accounting from a distributed cognition perspective.Accounting Forum, 38(3), pp.170-183. Paolucci, G. and Menicucci, E. (2014). Critical Insights Back Into the Role of Fair Value Accounting within the Financial Crisis.International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(8), pp.80-97. Penman, S. H. (2007). Financial reporting quality: Is fair value a plus or a minus?, Accounting and Business Research, Special Issue: International Accounting Policy Forum, 33-44. doi: 10.1080/00014788.2007.9730083 Rashad Abdel-Khalik, A. (2010). Fair Value Accounting and Stewardship*.Accounting Perspectives, 9(4), pp.253-269. Shaffer, S. (2010). Fair Value Accounting: Villian or Innocent Victim. Exploring the Links Between Fair Value Accounting, Bank Regulatory Capital and the Recent Financial Crisis, Working Paper, No. QAU10-01, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Trussel, J. M. Rose, L. C. (2009). Fair value accounting and the current financial crisis, Accounting Auditing, CPA Journal, 79(6), 26-30.

Boise Automation free essay sample

Rob Allison, senior accountant manager at for Boise Automation, has lost an order of $1. 2 million from Northern Paper. There are various things which he could have done differently while approaching Northern Paper for this order to design, supply and install an automated control system for its wood-chip handling system. Â  Price Analysis The initial price offered by Boise was $1. 35 million. According to Jason Li from Northern, this price was approximately 30% more than the price offered by the lowest priced contender. Assuming that this contention is true, the lowest price offered by competition was $0. 945 million. Considering that the initial price offered by Boise was at a 20% premium, the cost price of the automation system can be calculated as $1. 08 million. This means that it was not possible for Boise to lower its price to match the lowest price offered by the competition, without suffering losses. 2. Decision Making Unit Rob was not able to identify correctly who the key decision maker was, in the selling process. We will write a custom essay sample on Boise Automation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Identifying the roles played by different people in a DMU is critical to the selling process. Rob incorrectly identified Mr. Jennings as a decider and tried to cultivate a close customer relationship with him and most of his subsequent decisions were based on the feedback received by him from Mr. Jennings. He failed to understand that Mr. Jennings was an outsider and the final decision was to be taken by the Rocky Falls team. Identifying the Participants in the Buying Process In a competitive B2B market, Boise must propose a compelling business value proposition to Northern Paper Inc. o that it can command a high price premium. Boise needs to target the finance department of Northern to show the advantages of the better technology it offers and its benefits in financial terms. The finance department was a critical influencer in this case as it gave the final approval of the budget. On a higher budget, Boise can get its own product specifications in the bidding process eliminating competition with older and cheaper technologies. The table below shows the role played by Norther n Paper personnel in the buying process. Source: Marketing Management: Philip Kotler) 2. Overcoming Buying Pressure The buying center had repeatedly emphasized on the importance of competitive pricing as an important premise for arriving at a final decision. Since Boise was not in a position to offer the lowest price, there were various ways in which price pressure from the buyer could be circumvented: ? Life Cycle Cost: It was important to make Northern understand the added benefit of buying the Boise system over competition in terms of life cycle cost. Boise could project its offering as having a greater economic life than that of its competitors, since it had better and newer features which would take longer in becoming obsolete. ?Benchmarking: The competitive products which match the minimum technical specifications set by Northern should be set as a benchmark and then Boise should make Northern understand the added value of new feature it provides over and above the benchmark. ?Solution Selling: Boise can work out a process improvement model with Northern where the new features available in the Boise system can be used to improve process time which will reduce costs for Northern.